Of apples and oranges? The evolution of “monogamy” in non-human primates

Behavioral ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and anthropologists have been long fascinated by the existence of “monogamy” in the animal kingdom. Multiple studies have explored the factors underlying its evolution and maintenance, sometimes with contradicting and contentious conclusions. These studies have been plagued by a persistent use of fuzzy terminology that often leads to researchers comparing “apples with oranges” (e.g., comparing a grouping pattern or social organization with a sexual or genetic mating system). In this review, we provide an overview of research on “monogamy” in mammals generally and primates in particular, and we discuss a number of problems that complicate comparative attempts to understand this issue. We first highlight why the muddled terminology has hindered our understanding of both a rare social organization and a rare mating system. Then, following a short overview of the main hypotheses explaining the evolution of pair-living and sexualmonogamy, we critically discuss various claims about the principal drivers of “monogamy” that have been made in several recent comparative studies.We stress the importance of using only high quality and comparable data. We then propose that a productive way to frame and dissect the different components of pair-living and sexual or genetic monogamy is by considering the behavioral and evolutionary implications of those components from the perspectives of all participants in a species’ social system. In particular, we highlight the importance of integrating the perspective of “floater” individuals and considering their impacts on local operational sex ratios, competition, and variance in reproductive success across a population. We stress that pair-living need not imply a reduced importance of intrasexual mate competition, a situation that may have implications for the sexual selection potential that have not yet been fully explored. Finally, we note that there is no reason to assume that different taxa and lineages, even within the same radiation, should follow the same pathway to or share a unifying evolutionary explanation for “monogamy”. The study of the evolution of pair-living, sexual monogamy, and genetic monogamy remains a challenging and exciting area of research.Fieldwork related to the data discussed and presented here was supported through grants awarded to AD, EF-D, and their students by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the J. William Fulbright Scholar Program, Primate conservation, Inc., Idea Wild, the National Geographic Society, as well by the New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York University, the Zoological Society of San Diego, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Texas at Austin, and Yale University, as well as through grants awarded to Eckhard W. Heyman and MH by the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (HE 1870/10-1,2,3, HU1746-2/1). The Owl Monkey Project of Argentina was supported through the following grants to EFD: NSF-BCS-0621020, 1232349, 1503753 and 1848954; NSF-REU 0837921, 0924352 and 1026991; NSFRAPID-1219368; NIA- P30 AG012836-19, and NICHD R24 HD-044964-11

Nutritional status and socioeconomic change among Toba and Wichí populations of the Argentinean Chaco

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is growing at an accelerated pace in disadvantaged populations. Indigenous populations all over the world, whose lifestyle is changing rapidly and drastically, seem to be particularly prone to show an increased prevalence of overweight and its co-morbidities among adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic and nutritional statuses in adults of two indigenous populations of the Argentine Gran Chaco: the Toba and Wichí of the province of Formosa. Originally hunter-gatherers, they are now more settled and engage in temporary wage labor and local political positions. A total of 541 adults (>20 years old) participated in the study. Almost 50% of the adult Toba and 34% of the adult Wichí were overweight and 10% of adults in both populations were obese. Socioeconomic status was positively associated with body mass index in both populations. Furthermore, political connectedness with the non-indigenous sector, as in the case of community leaders, was highly correlated with obesity. Differences within and between groups can be explained by biocultural factors that include gender, diet (foraged vs store-bought), lifestyle (sedentary vs more active), and history of political power. Our study highlights the interactions among social, cultural, and political economic variables, such as political hierarchies within the group or degree of social connectedness with community leaders. By making these variables an integral part of our analysis and interpretation, we hope to improve our understanding of the situation of indigenous populations in transition. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fil: Valeggia, Claudia Rita. University of Pennsylvania; Estados UnidosFil: Burke, Kevin M.. University of Pennsylvania; Estados UnidosFil: Fernandez Duque, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; Argentina. University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unido

Tamaño y orientación de cuevas de tatú carreta (Priodontes maximus) en el oeste de la provincia de Formosa, Argentina

Giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) are one of the most endangered mammals in the Gran Chaco. They are largely nocturnal, highly fossorial and solitary, characteristics that have limited the understanding of their behavior and ecology. We report on the results of a study of the structure of 32 giant armadillo burrows in 25,000 ha of semi-arid forest owned by Toba aborigines of Formosa, Argentina. Burrow entrances were on average 43 cm wide and 36 cm high and more likely to be facing west (24) than east (8).Los tatú carreta (Priodontes maximus) son uno de los mamíferos en mayor peligro de extinción del Gran Chaco. Son animales principalmente nocturnos, fosoriales y solitarios, características que han limitado el conocimiento sobre su comportamiento y ecología. Presentamos en este trabajo los resultados de un estudio para caracterizar la estructura de 32 cuevas de tatú carreta en 25,000 ha de bosques semi-áridos propiedad de comunidades Toba de Formosa, Argentina. Las entradas de las cuevas eran, en promedio, de 43 cm de ancho y 36 cm de alto, y estaban más frecuentemente orientadas hacia el oeste (24) que hacia el este (8).Fil: Ceresoli, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Duque, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; Argentina. University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unido

Preliminary study on the ecology, behaviour and demography of the Bare-faced Curassow (Crax fasciolata) in the gallery forest of the Pilagá River, Formosa, Argentina

En Argentina se encuentran seis especies de crácidos, de las cuales el Muitú (Crax fasciolata) es la más amenazada y la de distribución más restringida en el país. Debido a que sus principales poblaciones parecen existir a lo largo de los riachos del este formoseño, se trabajó en la selva en galería del riacho Pilagá en la Estancia Guaycolec para (1) realizar la primera evaluación sistemática y cuantitativa en Argentina de una población de Muitú, y (2) evaluar la eficacia relativa de muestreos por tierra y agua, cámaras trampa y emisión de vocalizaciones grabadas (“playback”) como técnicas para el relevamiento poblacional de la especie. Durante 20 días se realizaron 22 muestreos en transectas terrestres y 8 en transectas sobre el curso de agua que resultaron en la detección de Muitú en 22 ocasiones (39 individuos). Las 10 cámaras trampa generaron 227 fotos de Muitú entre octubre de 2010 y julio de 2012 (4007 días-cámara). Tres de las 10 pruebas de emisión de vocalizaciones resultaron en contacto con un individuo. Los individuos fueron registrados solos o en grupos pequeños de 2–5 individuos, exclusivamente durante el día, más frecuentemente con temperaturas bajas e intermedias y principalmente en sitios cercanos al riacho. Dada la ausencia de reservas nacionales y provinciales que protejan las selvas en galería del este formoseño, resulta imperativo implementar estrategias de conservación de la especie que incorporen a las estancias privadas características de la zona.In Argentina there are six species of cracids, the Bare-faced Curassow (Crax fasciolata) being the most endangered and geographically restricted. Given that the main populations of the Barefaced Curassow apparently exist along the rivers of eastern Formosa, the study was conducted in the gallery forests of the Pilagá River in the Guaycolec Ranch to (1) produce the first systematic and quantitative study of a Bare-faced Curassow population in the country, and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of population assessments conducted through land, water, camera traps, and playbacks as techniques for assessing the population status of the species. During 20 days, 22 assessments were conducted on land and 8 by water, which resulted in the detection of Barefaced Curassow on 22 separate occasions (39 individuals). The camera traps produced 227 pictures of Bare-faced Curassow between October 2010 and July 2012 (4007 camera-days). Contact was made with an individual following 3 of the 10 playback sessions. The Bare-faced Curassow was always sighted as single individuals or in small groups of 2–5 individuals, exclusively during the day, more frequently with low and mild temperatures and in close proximity to the river. Due to the lack of national and provincial areas that can protect the gallery forests of eastern Formosa, it is imperative to develop conservation strategies for the species that consider the private ranches characteristic of the regionFil: Fernández Duque, Facundo. Universidad Nacional de Formosa; ArgentinaFil: Huck, Maren. University of Derby; Reino UnidoFil: Dávalos, Víctor. University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos. Universidad Nacional de Formosa; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Duque, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnol.conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecologia Aplicada del Litoral (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Formosa; Argentina. University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unido

Sexual dimorphism in the loud calls of Azara’s owl monkeys (Aotus azarae): evidence of sexual selection?

Primates use different types of vocalizations in a variety of contexts. Some of the most studied types have been the long distance or loud calls. These vocalizations have been associated with mate defense, mate attraction, and resource defense, and it is plausible that sexual selection has played an important role in their evolution. Focusing on identified individuals of known sex and age, we evaluated the sexual dimorphism in a type of loud calls (hoots) in a population of wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) in Argentina. We found evidence of sexual dimorphism in call structure, with females and males only emitting one type of call, each differing in dominant frequency and Shannon entropy. In addition, both age-related and sex-specific differences in call usage were also apparent in response to the removal of one group member. Future acoustic data will allow us to assess if there are individual characteristics and if the structure of hoot calls presents differences in relation to the social condition of owl monkeys or specific sex responses to variants of hoot calls’ traits. This will provide deeper insights into the evolution of vocal mechanisms regulating pair bonding and mate choice strategies in this and other primate species.Leakey Foundation, Wenner-Gren Foundation, National Geographic Society, NSF, National Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation, Zoological Society of San Dieg

First craneal evidence and documented occurrence of Cuniculus paca (Rodentia, Cuniculidae) for the Humid Chaco region of Argentina

Se reporta el primer registro con material de referencia de Cuniculus paca para la provincia de Formosa en la Región Chaqueña Argentina. Este se basa en un cráneo colectado y en 18 fotografías obtenidas con trampas cámaras en la selva en galería del riacho Pilagá (estancia Guaycolec: 25° 58’ S, 58° 11’ O) ubicada en la macrounidad ambiental del Chaco Húmedo. Se caracterizó el patrón de actividad de la especie a partir de los registros horarios de las fotografías. Se observó un patrón de actividad estrictamente nocturno, aparentemente influenciado por el ciclo lunar; no se obtuvo ningún registro fotográfico durante períodos de luna llena o luna nueva. Todas las fotos fueron obtenidas a una distancia máxima de 170 m del río, indicando una fuerte asociación de la especie con los cursos de aguaWe report the first record of Cuniculus paca for the province of Formosa in Argentina and the Argentinean Gran Chaco region based on one skull found close to the river Pilagá (estancia Guaycolec: 25° 58’ S, 58° 11’ W) and on 18 photos taken by camera traps. Since the photos include time-stamps, we were able to evaluate the activity pattern of the paca in that area. Pacas showed strict nocturnal behavior and seemed to be influenced by the lunar cycles; there were no records during full and new moon. All photos were taken at a maximum distance of 170 m to the river, confirming the strong association of the species to watercourses.Fil: Huck, Maren. Deutsches Primatenzentrum; AlemaniaFil: Juárez, Cecilia Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; Argentina. Barrio General José de San Martín. Proyecto Mirikiná; ArgentinaFil: Rotundo, Marcelo A.. Barrio General José de San Martín. Proyecto Mirikiná; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Duque, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Barrio General José de San Martín. Proyecto Mirikiná; Argentina. University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unido

Erratum to: Size, Site Fidelity, and Overlap of Home Ranges and Core Areas in the Socially Monogamous Owl Monkey ( Aotus azarae ) of Northern Argentina

In addition to environmental factors, social variables such as group size may play an important role in explaining primate ranging patterns. In this study we investigated range sizes, site fidelity, and range overlaps of owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) in Northern Argentina. We calculated the size of home range and core areas for 18 groups in our study area. For the six most intensively studied groups we tested whether precipitation as a crude proxy for food availability or group size had an influence on range size, assessed the degree of site fidelity by quantifying overlaps of annual ranges and core areas, and calculated the amount of range overlap between neighboring groups for each year. We used the kernel density estimation method to calculate home ranges as 90% kernel and core areas as 50% kernel. Home range size (mean ± SD) was 6.2 ha (± 1.8) and core area size 1.9 (± 0.6). Rainfall and group size were not statistically significant predictors of range sizes. Site fidelity was high, with a range overlap of 82% (± 11) between consecutive years. Neighboring groups overlapped over 48% (± 15) of the outer parts of their group ranges and 11% (± 15) of their core areas. We found no evidence that larger groups occupy larger areas than smaller groups, suggesting that food availability might be above a critical threshold for owl monkeys so that larger groups do not need to extend their foraging areas to meet their energy requirements. Our findings indicate that ranges remain stable over several years as groups visit the same locations of fruit trees within their range. We showed that owl monkeys exhibit a considerable degree of range overlap. However, we suggest that this range overlap might be spatial rather than temporal, which maximizes access to clumped feeding resources in overlapping areas that are used at distinct times, while excluding other males from access to females in exclusively used areas

Mammals and their activity patterns in a forest area in the Humid Chaco, northern Argentina

The Humid Chaco has a high mammalian biodiversity. As habitats are threatened due to exploitation and environmental degradation, protected areas can act as refuges for wild animals. In 2006, ca 1,100 ha of gallery forest were established as the “Owl Monkey Reserve” within the private cattle ranch “Estancia Guaycoléc”. The mammalian species richness and composition of the reserve was determined using direct observations, camera traps, and indirect evidence. The camera traps also allowed us to determine the activity periods of 20 of the species. Forty-two species were recorded. A fourth of those species (24%) are categorized under some risk of extinction in Argentina. While most species showed usual activity periods, 2 species (Mazama americana and Tayassu pecari) were not as exclusively nocturnal as reported from other sites, possibly due to reduced hunting pressure. The presence of various endangered species highlights the importance of protected private reserves.The Humid Chaco has a high mammalian biodiversity. As habitats are threatened due to exploitation and environmental degradation, protected areas can act as refuges for wild animals. In 2006, ca 1,100 ha of gallery forest were established as the “Owl Monkey Reserve” within the private cattle ranch “Estancia Guaycoléc”. The mammalian species richness and composition of the reserve was determined using direct observations, camera traps, and indirect evidence. The camera traps also allowed us to determine the activity periods of 20 of the species. Forty-two species were recorded. A fourth of those species (24%) are categorized under some risk of extinction in Argentina. While most species showed usual activity periods, 2 species (Mazama americana and Tayassu pecari) were not as exclusively nocturnal as reported from other sites, possibly due to reduced hunting pressure. The presence of various endangered species highlights the importance of protected private reserves

Los monos mirikiná del Chaco Húmedo: 20 años de primatoLogía en Argentina

The Owl Monkey Project started in 1996 as a multi-disciplinary program on the Azara's owl monkey of the Argentinian Chaco. The main goals of the project have been to investigate the evolution of the monogamous mating system and parental care of this species. The project has expanded and, for many years, we have also been exploring the potential relationship between demography, the spatial and temporal distribution of food resources, and the monogamous social organization of the species. Additionally, since 2007, we expanded our studies to include the examination of groups that inhabit two different natural habitat types in the humid Chaco of Formosa Province. In this chapter, we use data from 20 years of study, to elucidate factors underlying the demographic structure of different owl monkey groups inhabiting different types of habitats. The study was conducted in the Estancia Guaycolec (a private 25,000-ha cattle ranch) and in Río Pilcomayo National Park (a 52,000-ha protected area). In each study area, two sub-sets of owl monkey groups could be identified: those within the gallery forests (continuous habitat), and groups in forest patches. Our results confirm that the estimated densities for the private ranch are higher than in the National Park. In contrast, group size, birth rates and age structure were similar between sites. Group sizes, birth rates, and specific densities were larger for gallery forests than for forest patches at both study sites. Our studies contribute to the understanding of the evolution of social monogamy and male care, and also provides information on the demography and habitat use of a species that has been declared a Natural Monument in the Province of Formosa.CONICET, Argentina; American Society of Primatologists; Brumback Aotus Conservation Grant; International Primatological Society; National Geographic Conservation Trust; Wenner-Gren Foundation; L.S.B. Leakey Foundation; National Geographic Society; National Science Foundation (BCS–0621020, 1219368, and 1232349

Discussing the Feasibility of Acoustic Sensors for Side Channel-aided Industrial Intrusion Detection: An Essay

The fourth industrial revolution leads to an increased use of embedded computation and intercommunication in an industrial environment. While reducing cost and effort for set up, operation and maintenance, and increasing the time to operation or market respectively as well as the efficiency, this also increases the attack surface of enterprises. Industrial enterprises have become targets of cyber criminals in the last decade, reasons being espionage but also politically motivated. Infamous attack campaigns as well as easily available malware that hits industry in an unprepared state create a large threat landscape. As industrial systems often operate for many decades and are difficult or impossible to upgrade in terms of security, legacy-compatible industrial security solutions are necessary in order to create a security parameter. One plausible approach in industry is the implementation and employment of side-channel sensors. Combining readily available sensor data from different sources via different channels can provide an enhanced insight about the security state. In this work, a data set of an experimental industrial set up containing side channel sensors is discussed conceptually and insights are derived